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Navigating Web Security: The Role Of Payload Xss In Cyber Defense

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December 3, 2023

Navigating Web Security: The Role Of Payload Xss In Cyber Defense – [Now that we have the environment ready, we can​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ The goal is to implement the tool, see behind the scenes and understand the techniques that can be used to gain access, create a foundation, escalate privileges, steal documents and expose information. It allows you to learn, practice and understand security best practices.

Ed Skoudis explains the anatomy of a seizure using a 5-step model. The phases are detection, scanning, exploration, access protection, and cover tracking (Skoudis & Liston, 2005). In our environment, the process of spying and scanning is omitted. The focus will be on the exploration phase. Sophisticated intruders will consume significant time and resources to detect and scan.

Navigating Web Security: The Role Of Payload Xss In Cyber Defense

Navigating Web Security: The Role Of Payload Xss In Cyber Defense

We will use SQL injection as an example and use SQLmap in this exercise. SQLmap was developed by Bernardo Damele A.G. and Miroslav Stampar and it is a functional and powerful command line tool. It is available as part of the Backtrack and Kali distribution (SQLmap).

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To configure SQLmap, we will configure the default settings. To obtain these settings, readers must access the test site through a proxy such as Paros or use the Firefox Data Tamper plugin. Save all POST parameters in a file to use as a payload. The nested numbers show the steps taken to retrieve and use the POST parameters.

Vulnerabilities using blind-time SQL injection techniques. Using this technique, the tool can extract the results of SQL queries in bittermen. Asking questions to the database and observing how it responds to the questions will help the attacker determine the value of the data (Stampar, 2009) (Litchfield, 2005).

Now that the reader has a method that works and gives him access to the system, the reader can move on to more advanced techniques. The figure below illustrates in detail how SQLmap accesses the shell operating system using a blind time injection technique. It starts by determining if the current user is part of the sysadmin role. This then determines whether the xp_cmdshell extension is available. This stored procedure is one of the most powerful stored procedures and it is used to initiate operating system commands in the context of SQL Server services (Litchfield, Anley, Heasman and Grindlay, 2005). In this case it is not available, so SQLmap has the ability to re-enable it with the sp_configure stored procedure. The reader must have sysadmin rights to the DB to use sp_configure. With xp_cmdshell, readers can start executing operating system commands using SQL commands. Because xp_cmdshell results are not sent to the client, additional queries with temporary tables are used to retrieve results.

SQLmap can retrieve data from a band channel such as DNS. This technique enables retrieval of SQL results using an iterative DNS resolution process that is faster than time-based or Boolean inference methods (Stamper, 2009). To do this, the attacker must check the DNS domain name. Of course, the database server must also configure a dns server and be able to execute queries.

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DNS requests made by the database are made by SQL queries. Because of the way DNS works, if the database doesn’t know the answer, it sends the request to the upstream DNS server. In our environment, the system does not have access to the firewall for external communication. However, it can send DNS requests to DNS servers that forward them to powerful servers under the control of the attacker. Sensepost presented a SQL injection tool called Squezza at BlackHat USA 2007 that can extract data through DNS and other channels (Research, 2007). This technique was added to SQLmap in 2012 (Stamper, 2009). To perform this technique, SQLmap is executed with a command line option that specifies the domain name controlled by the attacker. The following figure shows the executed command, the executed SQL query and the command output. It also shows how DNS queries are generated.

After applying this technique, a low-privileged shell is obtained. The next step will be to strengthen the position in the target by uploading additional tools in the system to extend the privileges. Additionally, since the system is known to be able to communicate via DNS, another set of tools will be used to exploit this and further compromise the system. This integrated weapon method will use DNS to bring up a shell with “system” privileges.

To extend the discretion, a device called churrasco is used, developed by Cesar Cerrudo. This tool takes advantage of exploits that use a technique it calls a token

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Hijacking that raises privileges for system accounts using techniques such as mapping or tokens to manipulate process and thread access lists (Cerrudo, 2008). The source code for the tool that affects Windows 2008 was downloaded from the Cesar Cerudo website and compiled using Visual Studio C++ 2008 Express Edition (www.argeniss.com/research/Churrasco2.zip). It is important to note that this vulnerability is fixed by Microsoft in Windows 2012 (MS09-12). The exploit when executed successfully extends the shell to an IP and port of the user’s choice. However, since the firewall cannot make the target system communicate with the outside world, the shell will communicate with the attacker through DNS. We will use dns2tcp. This tool allows forwarding of TCP connections through DNS. So the extended mining shell will be transferred and transferred with DNS (Dembour).

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These tools are uploaded to the system, written to the file system in the operating system, the bottom right will have write and replay access. To do this, readers start by uploading the dns2tcp client tool (dns2tcpc.exe) using SQLninja, an SQL injection tool developed by Icesurfer (SQLninja). In the same way that SQLmap requires configuration settings, SQLninja will need to configure target specifications, injection points, and HTTP requests. This is done via SQLninja.conf and uses the HTTP POST request shown in the following image.

The method used by SQLmap or SQLninja to upload and write files to the file system using SQL injection is based on the xp_cmdshell process. This step can make it easier to create files with the “>>” conversion operator. Road (Clarke, 2012). Behind the scenes SQLninja can use two techniques to upload files to the target system. One technique is to base64 encode the binary and then upload it. Another technique uses an old trick to convert a binary into a DEBUG script. The default technique is to use the base64 method and this can be defined in sqlninha.conf by saying “upload_method = vbscript”. Figure 22 illustrates this technique.

This technique works well. An alternative technique is to create a DEBUG script that can be passed through the debug.exe script to convert to binary. The image below shows the steps taken by SQLninja to achieve this.

Compared to using base64-encoded binaries, this technique has the disadvantage that debug.exe can produce executable files smaller than 64 Kb. However, you can split large files into 64 KB chunks and after uploading you can link them together using

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(Clark, 2012). This technique is slow but has the advantage that debug.exe is available on all Windows operating systems and therefore the attacker will not need any additional scripts or tools to create the binary on the target system. More information about debug.exe is available at Kipivirne.com.

In case the reader wants to try the DEBUG technique, he can convert the Windows binaries into a debug script format in Backtrack using a python script called dbgtool.py. Available in the SQLmap directory under /extra/dbgtool/. The file containing the debug script can then be transferred to a Windows machine and returned to the binary using the “

Readers can follow the same process to upload additional tools. The target system does not use an antivirus tool, but this technique can be done even with an antivirus. The traditional way antivirus programs detect the presence of viruses is by using signatures (Labbe, Rowe & Fulp, 2006). This can be avoided by using an application that does not have a signature for antivirus tools. A simple way to do this is to use a hex editor to remove the machine code that causes the signature without affecting mining performance. Another approach could be to use encoders or wrappers or even target the AV software itself (Ormandy, 2012) (Koret, 2014). This is left as an exercise for the reader to investigate further.

Navigating Web Security: The Role Of Payload Xss In Cyber Defense

Another upload tool is churrasco.exe. We need to configure SQLninja to understand this tool to load the target. This is done by adding a line of code to sqlninja.py to define the file, and adding the file.

Common Web Security Vulnerabilities

The dns2tcpc.exe and churrasco.exe tools are now loaded

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